ISSN : 2241-4665
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ISSN : 2241-4665
Çìåñïìçíßá Ýêäïóçò: ÁèÞíá 31 Éïõëßïõ 2023
Ç ÁÍÁÃÊÇ ÅÖÁÑÌÏÃÇÓ ÐÑÏÃÑÁÌÌÁÔÙÍ
ÅÊÐÁÉÄÅÕÓÇÓ ÃÉÁ ÔÇ ÄÉÁ×ÅÉÑÉÓÇ ÔÇÓ ÇÈÉÊÇÓ ÐÁÑÅÍÏ×ËÇÓÇÓ ÓÔÇÍ ÅÑÃÁÓÉÁ
THE NEED TO IMPLEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMS TO
ADDRESS MORAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE
Ðåñßëçøç
Ç çèéêÞ ðáñåíü÷ëçóç (ÇÐ), áíáöÝñåôáé óå ìéá áíåðéèýìçôç, åðéèåôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðïõ äÝ÷åôáé Ýíáò õðÜëëçëïò óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò áðü Üëëïõò åñãáæïìÝíïõò Þ áíùôÝñïõò ôïõ. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ìéá óõóôçìáôéêÞ óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ êáêïðïßçóç ç ïðïßá åðéöÝñåé áñíçôéêÝò óõíÝðåéåò óôçí øõ÷ïóùìáôéêÞ õãåßá êáé åõçìåñßá ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí, áëëÜ ðëÞôôåé, ôáõôü÷ñïíá, ôçí ðáñáãùãéêüôçôá êáé áðïäïôéêüôçôá ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí. Ôï ðáñüí Üñèñï åðåîçãåß, áñ÷éêÜ, ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï ôïõ üñïõ ôçò çèéêÞò ðáñåíü÷ëçóçò êáé åðéêåíôñþíåôáé, áêïëïýèùò, óôïí åðéêïéíùíéáêü ôçò ÷áñáêôÞñá êáé óôçí çèéêÞ äéÜóôáóç ôïõ æçôÞìáôïò, ëáìâÜíïíôáò õðüøç üôé ôï öáéíüìåíï åêôõëßóóåôáé óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò áíèñþðéíçò áëëçëåðßäñáóçò êáé áíôéôßèåôáé óôïõò êáèïëéêïýò êáíüíåò çèéêÞò êáé äåïíôïëïãßáò, êáèþò óôñÝöåôáé êáôÜ ôçò áîéïðñÝðåéáò ôïõ áôüìïõ. ¼ðùò óçìåéþíåôáé, ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá ðåñßðëïêï öáéíüìåíï, ãéá ôçí åñìçíåßá êáé êáôáíüçóç ôïõ ïðïßïõ Ý÷ïõí áîéïðïéçèåß äéÜöïñïé åðéóôçìïíéêïß êëÜäïé, éäéáßôåñá ëüãù ôùí áñíçôéêþí ôïõ óõíåðåéþí. Ãéá ôçí áíôéìåôþðéóÞ ôïõ, ùóôüóï, óçìáíôéêüò êñßíåôáé ï ñüëïò ôçò çãåóßáò, êáèþò ôá çãåôéêÜ óôåëÝ÷ç ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí êáëïýíôáé íá äçìéïõñãïýí óõíèÞêåò åñãáóßáò ðïõ íá åìðïäßæïõí ôçí áíÜðôõîç áñíçôéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí Þ íá ôéò ôåñìáôßæïõí Ýãêáéñá, ðñïôïý áõôÝò åîåëé÷èïýí óå ÇÐ. Ïé ÷þñïé åñãáóßáò èá ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóôáôåýïõí ôçí åõçìåñßá ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí êáé íá öñïíôßæïõí ãéá ôç øõ÷ïóùìáôéêÞ ôïõò áóöÜëåéá. Ç Ýñåõíá, êáôáäåéêíýåé, ùóôüóï, üôé ç çãåóßá óõ÷íÜ áãíïåß ðåñéóôáôéêÜ ÇÐ Þ áíôéäñÜ áíáðïôåëåóìáôéêÜ, ãåãïíüò ðïõ áðïäßäåôáé, ìåôáîý Üëëùí, óôçí Ýëëåéøç åêðáßäåõóçò ôùí çãåôéêþí óôåëå÷þí óôïí ôñüðï áíáãíþñéóçò êáé áíôéìåôþðéóçò åêöïâéóôéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí Þ/êáé óôçí ðñïóùðéêÞ ôïõò åìðëïêÞ óå áõôÝò. Ùò åê ôïýôïõ, üðùò êáôáëÞãåé ôï Üñèñï, áíáäåéêíýåôáé ç áíÜãêç åöáñìïãÞò åêðáéäåõôéêþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ðïõ íá áðïóêïðïýí ôüóï óôçí åíçìÝñùóç êáé åõáéóèçôïðïßçóç ôùí çãåôéêþí óôåëå÷þí åðß ôïõ èÝìáôïò, üóï êáé óôçí áíÜðôõîç ôå÷íéêþí ðñüëçøçò, áíáãíþñéóçò êáé äéá÷åßñéóÞò ôïõ.
Abstract
Moral harassment refers to an unwanted, aggressive
behavior that an employee receives from other employees or superiors in the
workplace. It is a systematic emotional abuse with negative consequences to
employees’ psycho-physical health and well-being, but at the same time it
affects the productivity and efficiency of the organizations. This article
explains, first, the content of the term
moral harassment and then focuses on
its communicative nature and the moral dimension of the issue, taking into
consideration that the phenomenon unfolds in the context of human interaction
and it is opposed to the universal rules of morality and ethics, as it is
directed against dignity of the individual. As noted, it is about a complex
phenomenon, for the interpretation and understanding of which various scientific
fields have been used, especially because of its negative consequences. The
role of leadership, however, is considered important when it comes to its
management. Leaders, are supposed to create such working conditions, able to
prevent negative behaviors or terminate
them in time, before they escalate into moral harassment. Workplaces should
protect employees' well-being and take care of their psycho-physical safety.
Research shows, however, that leadership often ignores incidents of moral
harassment or reacts ineffectively, which is attributed, among others, to the
lack of training of leaders in how to recognize and deal with harassing
behaviors and/or their personal involvement in them. Therefore, this article highlights the need to implement
educational programs aiming to inform and raise leaders’ awareness on the
subject, and to focus, at the same time, on the development of techniques for
its prevention, recognition and management.
Ðåñéå÷üìåíá
1. ÅéóáãùãÞ
2. Ï üñïò çèéêÞ ðáñåíü÷ëçóç
3. Ï åðéêïéíùíéáêüò ôçò ÷áñáêôÞñáò
4. Ç çèéêÞ ðáñåíü÷ëçóç ùò ìéá áíÞèéêç óõìðåñéöïñÜ
5. ÓõíÝðåéåò
6. Ï ñüëïò ôçò çãåóßáò
7.
Ôñüðïé áíôéìåôþðéóçò: ç áíÜãêç ãéá åêðáßäåõóç êáé åðéìüñöùóç
8. ÓõìðåñÜóìáôá
9. ÁíáöïñÝò
1.ÅéóáãùãÞ
Ç ÇÐ áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí áíåðéèýìçôç, åðéèåôéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðïõ äÝ÷åôáé Ýíáò õðÜëëçëïò óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò ôïõ ãéá ìåãÜëï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá, áðü Ýíáí Þ ðåñéóóüôåñïõò áðü ôïõò óõíáäÝëöïõò Þ ôïõò áíùôÝñïõò ôïõ êáé ç ïðïßá áóêåßôáé êáôÜ ôñüðï ðïõ íá ôïí êÜíåé íá áéóèÜíåôáé üôé äåí ìðïñåß íá îåöýãåé Þ íá õðåñáóðéóôåß ôïí åáõôü ôïõ
(Einarsen et al., 2010)1. Ðñüêåéôáé ãéá Ýíá öáéíüìåíï ôï ïðïßï åóôéÜæåé êõñßùò óôçí çèéêÞ äéÜóôáóç ôïõ æçôÞìáôïò, êáèþò ôï èýìá íéþèåé íá áðïññßðôåôáé, íá ðåñéöñïíåßôáé êáé íá êáêïðïéåßôáé
(Hirigoyen, 2002)2. Ùò öáéíüìåíï, ôá ðñïçãïýìåíá ÷ñüíéá öÝñåôáé íá ìçí åß÷å ëÜâåé ôçí áðáñáßôçôç ðñïóï÷Þ êáé íá áíôéìåôùðßæåôáé ìå åðéöýëáîç áðü ôéò åðé÷åéñÞóåéò êáé ôïõò ïñãáíéóìïýò
(Saunders et al., 2007)3.Ôéò ôåëåõôáßåò üìùò äåêáåôßåò, ëüãù ôçò óõ÷íüôçôáò êáé ôùí áñíçôéêþí ôïõ óõíåðåéþí ðïõ åðéöÝñåé óå åñãáæïìÝíïõò êáé ïñãáíéóìïýò, Ý÷åé ðñïóåëêýóåé ôï åíäéáöÝñïí ôçò ïñãáíùóéáêÞò Ýñåõíáò êáé ôçò øõ÷ïëïãßáò
(Nielsen et al., 20174; Escartin et al., 20175). Óýìöùíá êáé ìå ôïí ÄéåèíÞ Ïñãáíéóìü Åñãáóßáò (ILO,
2022)6, åêôéìÜôáé üôé ôï 8,5% ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí, ðáãêïóìßùò, äÝ÷ïíôáé êÜðïéï åßäïò ðáñåíü÷ëçóçò óôçí åñãáóßá, ìå ôç óõíôñéðôéêÞ ðëåéïøçößá ôùí ðåñéóôáôéêþí, äçëáäÞ ôï 6,1% ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí, íá Ý÷åé åêôåèåß óå áõôïý ôïõ åßäïõò óõìðåñéöïñÝò êáôÜ ôá ôåëåõôáßá ðÝíôå ÷ñüíéá.
2.
Ï üñïò çèéêÞ ðáñåíü÷ëçóç
Ç çèéêÞ
ðáñåíü÷ëçóç Üñ÷éóå íá ìåëåôÜôáé óôéò áñ÷Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1980, üôáí ï Leymann (1996)7, äéáðßóôùóå üôé õðÞñ÷å óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò Ýíá åßäïò å÷èñéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò, ôçí ïðïßá ðåñéÝãñáøå ùò mobbing (áðü ôç ëÝîç mob ðïõ óçìáßíåé áãÝëç, ü÷ëïò), äéáöïñïðïéþíôáò ôçí áðü ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðïõ åß÷å ðñïçãïõìÝíùò ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ï Olweus
(1973)8, ùò bullying,
ç ïðïßá áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí åðéèåôéêüôçôá óôá ó÷ïëåßá. Åíþ ôï bullying áíáöÝñåôáé ðåñéóóüôåñï óôç óùìáôéêÞ âßá ðïõ óõìâáßíåé óôá ó÷ïëåßá, ôï mobbing áíáöÝñåôáé óå äõóíüçôïõò ôñüðïõò êïéíùíéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò ìåôáîý åíçëßêùí. Ùóôüóï êáé ïé äýï üñïé, bullying êáé mobbing,
åßíáé åõñÝùò ãíùóôïß êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé åíáëëáêôéêÜ ãéá íá ðåñéãñÜøïõí ôçí ÇÐ óôïí ÷þñï ôçò åñãáóßáò, áí êáé, üðùò åðéóçìáßíïõí êáé ïé Chappel
& DiMartino (2006)9, ôï bullying
áíáöÝñåôáé êõñßùò óôçí áôïìéêÞ ðáñåíü÷ëçóç, åíþ ôï mobbing óôç
óôü÷åõóç åíüò õðáëëÞëïõ áðü ìéá ïìÜäá åñãáæïìÝíùí.
ÐÝñá áðü ôïõò üñïõò ôïõ mobbing êáé bullying, óôç âéâëéïãñáößá óõíáíôéïýíôáé áñêåôïß, äéáöïñåôéêïß üñïé ïé ïðïßïé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãéá íá ðåñéãñÜøïõí ôï öáéíüìåíï. Ï üñïò ôçò ÇÐ ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü ôç ãáëëéêÞ ïñïëïãßá harcèlement
moral (Ìðïõìðïõ÷åñüðïõëïò, 2014)10, áëëÜ óõ÷íÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé åíáëëáêôéêÜ êáé ïñïëïãßåò üðùò åßíáé ç øõ÷ïëïãéêÞ ôñïìïêñáôßá, ç óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ êáêïðïßçóç Þ ï åêöïâéóìüò
óôçí åñãáóßá (ILO, 2020)11. Ôï ãåãïíüò áõôü ïöåßëåôáé óôç äéáöïñåôéêüôçôá ôùí êïéíùíéêþí êáé ðïëéôéóìéêþí ðñïôýðùí ðïõ åðéêñáôïýí ìåôáîý ôùí ÷ùñþí êáé ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí, ðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíçò ôçò ýðáñîçò Þ áðïõóßáò íïìïèåôéêþí ñõèìßóåùí ðïõ íá êáëýðôïõí ôéò äéÜöïñåò ìïñöÝò êáôÜ÷ñçóçò óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò (Azzi,
201712; Ballard & Easteal, 201413), áëëÜ êáé óôï ãåãïíüò üôé ôï öáéíüìåíï ðñïóåããßæåôáé áðü äéÜöïñïõò åðéóôçìïíéêïýò êëÜäïõò, üðùò åßíáé ç øõ÷ïëïãßá, ç êïéíùíéïëïãßá êáé ç íïìéêÞ. ¼ðùò, ùóôüóï, åðéóçìáßíåôáé, üëïé ïé üñïé ðáñáðÝìðïõí óôï ßäéï öáéíüìåíï óôï ïðïßï áðïäßäïõí êïéíÜ óôïé÷åßá (Hauge
et al., 200714; Salin, 200915): ôç óôü÷åõóç ôïõ åñãáæïìÝíïõ, ôç ìåãÜëç ÷ñïíéêÞ äéÜñêåéá êáé ôçí áäõíáìßá ôïõ åñãáæïìÝíïõ íá îåöýãåé áðü ôçí áíåðéèýìçôç êáôÜóôáóç. Áðü áõôÞ ôçí Üðïøç, üðùò áíáöÝñåé êáé ï
Einarsen (2000)16, ç ÇÐ áöïñÜ óå ìéá ìüíéìç êáôÜóôáóç ðïõ äéáöÝñåé áðü ôéò ìåìïíùìÝíåò óõãêñïýóåéò ðïõ åßíáé äõíáôüí íá óõìâïýí óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå ÷þñï åñãáóßáò, ÷ùñßò, âÝâáéá, íá áðïêëåßåôáé ç êëéìÜêùóç êÜðïéùí ìåìïíùìÝíùí ðåñéóôáôéêþí êáé ç åîÝëéîÞ ôïõò óå ðáñåíü÷ëçóç, éäéáßôåñá óôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò ðïõ ôÝôïéá ðåñéóôáôéêÜ áöÞíïíôáé áíåîÝëåãêôá
(Einarsen et al., 2010)17.
3.
Ï
åðéêïéíùíéáêüò ôçò ÷áñáêôÞñáò
Ç ÇÐ áíáöÝñåôáé óå êáêïìåôá÷åßñéóç óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞò öýóçò ðïõ åêôõëßóóåôáé óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò áíèñþðéíçò áëëçëåðßäñáóçò (D'Cruz
et al., 2018a18; D'Cruz et al., 2018b19). Êåíôñéêü ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôçò åßíáé ç ýðáñîç ôïõ èýôç êáé ôïõ èýìáôïò, ìåìïíùìÝíá Þ óå ïìÜäá êáé ç ìåôáîý ôïõò ó÷Ýóç. Óçìáíôéêüò èåùñåßôáé, åðßóçò, êáé ï ñüëïò Üëëùí áíèñþðùí, åßôå ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ðáñåõñéóêüìåíïõò, äéåõèõíôÝò, ðñïúóôáìÝíïõò, åñãïäüôåò, óõìâïýëïõò, äéáìåóïëáâçôÝò Þ áêüìá ößëïõò êáé ìÝëç ôçò ïéêïãÝíåéáò. Ðñüêåéôáé, óõíåðþò, ãéá ìéá êáôÜóôáóç ìå åðéêïéíùíéáêü ÷áñáêôÞñá.
Ïé ßäéåò ïé ðñÜîåéò ðïõ óõíéóôïýí ôçí ÇÐ ðåñéëáìâÜíïõí, ìåôáîý Üëëùí, ëåêôéêÜ Þ ìç
ëåêôéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ, üðùò åßíáé ç óéùðÞ, ï áðïêëåéóìüò êáé ç áðïìüíùóç, ôá ïðïßá Ý÷ïõí íá êÜíïõí ìå ôçí åðéêïéíùíéáêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ (D'Cruz
& Noronha, 202120). Ïé Lutgen-Sandvik et al. (2013)21, õðïóôçñßæïõí, ðáñÜëëçëá, üôé óõíÞèùò ôï öáéíüìåíï äéáäñáìáôßæåôáé ìÝóù ôçò ãëþóóáò êáé ïé ðñùôáãùíéóôÝò ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò öïñÝò áíôáðïêñßíïíôáé óå áõôü åðéêïéíùíéáêÜ. Åßôå, äçëáäÞ, üôáí åðéäåéêíýïõí áõôïðåðïßèçóç, áíôéìåôùðßæïõí ôïí èýôç, óõæçôïýí ôï èÝìá ìå áíùôÝñïõò êáé õðïâÜëëïõí êáôáããåëßåò, åßôå êáôáóôÝëëïõí ôéò áíôéäñÜóåéò ôïõò ëüãù öüâïõ êáé ùò åê ôïýôïõ áðïôõã÷Üíïõí íá äéá÷åéñéóôïýí ôçí êáôÜóôáóç. Ãåíéêüôåñá, ïé åñåõíçôÝò ðïõ åóôéÜæïõí óôçí åðéêïéíùíßá áíôéëáìâÜíïíôáé ôçí ÇÐ óôçí åñãáóßá ùò ìéá äéáäñáóôéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá ðïõ óõíäÝåé ôç äõáäéêÞ ó÷Ýóç èýôç-èýìáôïò ìå ìåãáëýôåñá óõóôÞìáôá íïçìÜôùí, éêáíÜ íá óõíôçñïýí, íá áíôéóôÝêïíôáé, üðùò êáé íá ìåôáìïñöþíïõí êïéíùíéêÜ öáéíüìåíá åíôüò êáé åêôüò ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý
(Lutgen- Sandvik & Tracy, 2012)22.
Ç ÇÐ, ðåñáéôÝñù, åßíáé Ýíá ðåñßðëïêï öáéíüìåíï ç ìåëÝôç ôïõ ïðïßïõ áîéïðïéåß óôïé÷åßá áðü äéÜöïñåò åðéóôÞìåò. Ï ôïìÝáò ôçò åðéêïéíùíßáò óõíåéóöÝñåé óôçí êáôáíüçóç ôùí ëåêôéêþí êáé ìç ëåêôéêþí áñíçôéêþí åíåñãåéþí, õðïäåéêíýïíôáò üôé ç ðáñåíü÷ëçóç åßíáé ïõóéáóôéêÜ åðéêïéíùíéáêÞ (Lutgen-Sandvik et al., 2013)23, ôáõôü÷ñïíá, üìùò, óõíäÝåôáé ìå èÝìáôá øõ÷ïëïãßáò, êïéíùíéïëïãßáò êáé Üëëùí åðéóôçìþí (D’Cruz
& Noronha, 2021)24. Ç øõ÷ïëïãßá, áñ÷éêÜ, Ý÷åé áîéïðïéçèåß óôçí áðïêÜëõøç ðïëëþí ðáñáìÝôñùí ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ, üðùò ï ôñüðïò åêäÞëùóçò, áíôßëçøçò êáé ïé óõíÝðåéåò ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ, êÜôé ðïõ óõíÝâáëå êáé óôç äçìéïõñãßá ïñãÜíùí ìÝôñçóçò, ìïíôÝëùí åîÝëéîçò êáé ðáñåìâÜóåùí
(Nielsen & Einarsen, 201825; D’Cruz, 201526;
Caponecchia & Wyatt, 201127). Ç øõ÷ïëïãßá áíáãíùñßæåé ðáñÜëëçëá ôçí éäéáéôåñüôçôá ôçò öýóçò ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ êáé ôï äéáöïñïðïéåß áðü Üëëåò ìïñöÝò êáêïìåôá÷åßñéóçò, üðùò ôçí áóÝâåéá, ôçí êïéíùíéêÞ õðïíüìåõóç, ôçí êáôá÷ñçóôéêÞ åðßâëåøç êáé ôéò äéáðñïóùðéêÝò óõãêñïýóåéò
(Nielsen & Einarsen, 201828; Yamada, et al., 201829;
Baillien et al., 201730). Ï ôïìÝáò ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãßáò áðïêáëýðôåé, åðßóçò, üôé ôá óõìöÝñïíôá ôùí åñãïäïôþí Ýíáíôé ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí óå Ýíá åñãáóéáêü ðåñéâÜëëïí áíïßãïõí ôïí äñüìï óôçí åßóïäï Ýíäï-ïñãáíùóéáêþí êáé Ýîù- ïñãáíùóéáêþí ðáñáãüíôùí ðÝñá áðü ôï Üôïìï, ðïõ óõíôåëïýí óôçí åêäÞëùóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ (Fevre
et al., 201231; Liefooghe & MacKenzie Davey, 200132).
Ç åðéóôÞìç ôçò êïéíùíéïëïãßáò äáíåßæåé åðßóçò Ýííïéåò üðùò ‘êáêÝò Þ õðïôõðþäåéò óõíèÞêåò åñãáóßáò’, ‘åêìåôÜëëåõóç’, ‘ïñãáíùóéáêïß Ýëåã÷ïé’, ïé ïðïßåò åêëáìâÜíïíôáé ùò
óõíþíõìåò ìå ôçí ÇÐ êáé óôï÷åýïõí óôï íá áðïäþóïõí ôï ßäéï íüçìá (Beale, 201133; Ironside &
Seifert, 200334). Åíôïýôïéò, ç èÝóç ôùí åñåõíçôþí åßíáé üôé ïé óõíáéóèçìáôéêïß êáé ó÷åóéáêïß ðáñÜãïíôåò ðïõ ÷áñáêôçñßæïõí ôçí ÇÐ óõíéóôïýí ñçôÜ üôé áõôÞ áíáöÝñåôáé óå Ýíá ìïíáäéêü êáôáóêåýáóìá ðïõ äéáêñßíåôáé áðü ôéò êáêÝò Þ õðïôõðþäåéò öõóéêÝò óõíèÞêåò åñãáóßáò, ôçí åêìåôÜëëåõóç Þ ôïõò ïñãáíùóéáêïýò åëÝã÷ïõò (D'Cruz
et al., 2018b35; D'Cruz et al., 2018a36), ÷ùñßò âÝâáéá íá áðïêëåßåôáé ðéèáíÞ óõíýðáñîÞ ôïõò (Banday
et al., 2018)37. ÓõìðåñáóìáôéêÜ, ç ìåëÝôç êáé áîéïðïßçóç ôçò åðéóôÞìçò, Ý÷åé áíáäåßîåé óçìáíôéêÝò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ, ôï ïðïßï åêäçëþíåôáé óôç âÜóç ôçò äéÜäñáóçò ôùí áíèñþðùí.
4.
Ç çèéêÞ
ðáñåíü÷ëçóç ùò ìéá áíÞèéêç óõìðåñéöïñÜ
Ç ÇÐ, óõíåðÜãåôáé áíÞèéêç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðïõ áíôéôßèåôáé óôïõò êáèïëéêïýò êáíüíåò êïéíùíéêÞò áðïäï÷Þò (Ramsay
et al., 2011)38 êáé ç ïðïßá èÝôåé óå êßíäõíï ôçí áóöÜëåéá êáé ôçí åõçìåñßá ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí (Rhodes et al., 201039;
Harvey et al., 200940). H ðáñïõóßá ôçò óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò áíèñþðéíçò áëëçëåðßäñáóçò ôïíßæåé êáé ôç óýíäåóÞ ôçò ìå ôçí áîéïðñÝðåéá óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò, åðéóçìáßíïíôáò ðùò ç óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ êáêïðïßçóç ðáñáâéÜæåé ôïí óôïé÷åéþäç óåâáóìü. Ïé Rhodes
et al. (2010)41, õðïóôçñßæïõí üôé áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ìéá Üìåóç ðñïóâïëÞ ôçò çèéêÞò. åöüóïí ç óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ êáêïðïßçóç óôçí åñãáóßá Ýñ÷åôáé óå áíôßèåóç ìå ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôùí áëëçëåðéäñÜóåùí ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷ïõí ïé Üíèñùðïé ìåôáîý ôïõò êáé ðïõ áðïôåëïýí ôç âÜóç ôçò çèéêÞò. Ç çèéêÞ êáé, üðùò äéáðéóôþíïõí ïé ÌðÞôñïò & ÊáñáãéÜííçò (2008)42,
ç åðé÷åéñçìáôéêÞ çèéêÞ êáé ïé ðáñÜãïíôåò êáé äéáäéêáóßåò ðïõ ôç äéáìïñöþíïõí, ðñïóåëêýåé éäéáßôåñï åíäéáöÝñïí êáèþò ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôç ó÷Ýóç ðïõ äçìéïõñãåßôáé áíÜìåóá óôçí éäéïêôçóßá/äéåýèõíóç ìéáò åðé÷åßñçóçò ìå ôç íïìéìüôçôá. ÁöïñÜ êõñßùò óôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý áðÝíáíôé óôïõò åñãáæïìÝíïõò, ôïõò êáôáíáëùôÝò êáé ôï äçìüóéï, áëëÜ åðçñåÜæåé ðáñÜëëçëá ôçí åõñýôåñç çèéêÞ ðïõ åðéêñáôåß óôçí êïéíùíßá. ¼ðùò õðïóôçñßæåôáé, ïé áíÞèéêåò óõìðåñéöïñÝò ôñïöïäïôïýí ôç äéáöèïñÜ êáé åðéâáñýíïõí ôï êüóôïò ðáñáêïëïýèçóçò ôçò åýñõèìçò ëåéôïõñãßáò ôïõò áðü ôï êñÜôïò. Ïé äéÜöïñåò óõìðåñéöïñÝò, ãåíéêüôåñá, óõìâÜëëïõí óçìáíôéêÜ óôçí åðé÷åéñçìáôéêÞ Þ ìç åðéôõ÷ßá. ÓõìðåñéöïñéêÜ êáé çèéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ, üðùò ç åñãáôéêüôçôá, ç ôéìéüôçôá, ç óõíÝðåéá, ç çèéêüôçôá êáé ç õðåõèõíüôçôá óõíôåëïýí óôçí åðéôõ÷ßá åíüò ïñãáíéóìïý, áíôßèåôá ïé êáéñïóêïðéêÝò
óõìðåñéöïñÝò ôçí õðïóêÜðôïõí.
Ç Vickers
(2014)43, óõãêñßíïíôáò ôçí ðáñåíü÷ëçóç ìå ôçí áíÜñìïóôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ, õðïóôçñßæåé üôé ïé ðñÜîåéò óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞò êáêïðïßçóçò åßíáé ðñÜîåéò äéáöèïñÜò, áíÞèéêåò áí êáé ü÷é ðÜíôá ðáñÜíïìåò. ¼ðùò óçìåéþíåé, ïé åêäçëþóåéò ôçò åðéìïíÞò, ôçò âëÜâçò, ôçò ðéèáíÞò êáêÞò ðñïèÝóåùò, ôçò äõíáìéêÞò éó÷ýïò êáé ôçò Ýëëåéøçò áðïôåëåóìáôéêþí ðáñåìâÜóåùí ðïõ óõíïäåýïõí ôçí ÇÐ óôçí åñãáóßá, ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå óôïé÷åßá äéáöèïñÜò ðïõ áöïñïýí óôçí êáôÜ÷ñçóç åîïõóßáò, åðéññïÞò, ãíþóçò êáé ðüñùí, ðñÜîåùí ðáñÜëåéøçò, åðéäßùîçò ðñïóùðéêïý êÝñäïõò Þ/êáé ðëåïíåêôÞìáôïò, üðùò êáé óôçí ðáñáâßáóç ôùí åõñýôåñùí êïéíùíéêþí êáíüíùí. Ç óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ êáêïðïßçóç áíôéôßèåôáé åðßóçò óôï äüãìá üôé ç óõìðåñéöïñÜ óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò ðñÝðåé íá ðñïáóðßæåôáé ôá äéêáéþìáôá ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí ùò áíèñþðéíá üíôá. Åíþ ç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðñÝðåé íá åêôõëßóóåôáé óôï ðëáßóéï ôùí ó÷Ýóåùí öñïíôßäáò üðïõ óõíõðÜñ÷ïõí äéêáéþìáôá êáé åõèýíåò, ç ÇÐ óôçí åñãáóßá åíóáñêþíåé áêáôÜëëçëåò ðñÜîåéò ðïõ åðéöÝñïõí áñíçôéêÝò óõíÝðåéåò óôïõò áðïäÝêôåò ôçò. Ïé ÷þñïé åñãáóßáò, õðü êáíïíéêÝò óõíèÞêåò, êáëïýíôáé íá ðñïóôáôåýïõí ôá óõìöÝñïíôá üëùí ôùí åíäéáöåñïìÝíùí, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí, êáé íá áíôéìåôùðßæïõí áðáñÜäåêôåò ðñÜîåéò üðùò óõìðåñéöïñÝò ðáñåíü÷ëçóçò. Áíôßèåôá, ç åðéêñÜôçóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ óôï åñãáóéáêü ðåñéâÜëëïí, óçìáßíåé üôé ï ßäéïò ï ÷þñïò åñãáóßáò ãßíåé áíÞèéêïò, åöüóïí åðéôñÝðåé ôçí êáôÜ÷ñçóç êáé ôç äéáéùíßæåé, êáèéóôþíôáò ôçí ùò ìéá êáíïíéêïðïéçìÝíç êáé óõíçèéóìÝíç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðïõ åðßóçìá äåí áíáãíùñßæåôáé êáé äåí åëÝã÷åôáé (Rhodes
et al., 2010)44, êÜôé ðïõ ðåñéïñßæåé áêüìá êáé ôéò ðéèáíüôçôåò ðáñåìâÜóåùí ãéá ôçí áíôéìåôþðéóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ. Åßíáé, åðïìÝíùò, óçìáíôéêü, óå Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí åñãáóßáò ïé çèéêÜ áíåðßôñåðôåò óõìðåñéöïñÝò íá åëÝã÷ïíôáé êáé íá áðïôñÝðïíôáé. ËáìâÜíïíôáò, ìÜëéóôá, õðüøç, üôé ç çèéêÞ äÝ÷åôáé åðéäñÜóåéò áðü ôçí çèéêÞ ôçò êïéíùíßáò, ôïõ ïéêïãåíåéáêïý êáé åêðáéäåõôéêïý ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò ðïõ ôçí ðëáéóéþíïõí (ÌðÞôñïò & ÊáñáãéÜííçò, 2008)45, áíáäåéêíýåôáé ç óçìáíôéêüôçôá ôïõ ñüëïõ ôçò ðáéäåßáò êáé ôçò åêðáßäåõóçò óôçí ðñïóðÜèåéá äéá÷åßñéóçò áíôéäåïíôïëïãéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò.
5. ÓõíÝðåéåò
Ç ÇÐ ðñïêáëåß óïâáñÝò åðéðôþóåéò óôçí õãåßá
ôùí
åñãáæïìÝíùí áëëÜ êáé óôçí ðáñáãùãéêüôçôá ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí (Raja et al., 201846; McTernan et
al., 201347). ¸÷åé õðïóôçñé÷èåß, ìÜëéóôá, üôé ôï åíäéáöÝñïí ôçò Ýñåõíáò êáèïäçãåßôáé ü÷é ôüóï áðü ôá
õøçëÜ ðïóïóôÜ åìöÜíéóçò ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ, áëëÜ êõñßùò áðü ôéò åðéðôþóåéò ôïõ
(Butucescu
et al., 2020)48, åöüóïí ðëÞôôåé, ðÝñá áðü ôçí õãåßá, ôçí åðáñêÞ åðéêïéíùíßá, ôéò êïéíùíéêÝò áëëçëåðéäñÜóåéò, ôçí ðñïóùðéêÞ öÞìç êáé ôçí åðáããåëìáôéêÞ êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ áôüìïõ
(Leymann, 1996)49. ÐáñÜëëçëá, ïé áíÞèéêåò óõìðåñéöïñÝò áðü ôéò ïðïßåò óõíïäåýåôáé, ìðïñïýí íá âëÜøïõí ôç öÞìç ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý åÜí áöåèïýí áíåîÝëåãêôåò (Paine,
1994)50. ¼ðùò õðïóôçñßæåôáé êáé áðü ôïí Goldberg (1998)51, ç ìáêñïðñüèåóìç åðéôõ÷ßá ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí óôçñßæåôáé åêôüò áðü ôçí åðé÷åéñçìáôéêÞ éêáíüôçôá, óôçí åóùôåñéêÞ êáé åîùôåñéêÞ êïéíùíéêÞ óõíåßäçóç.
Ïé Nielsen
& Einarsen (2018)52, åðéóçìáßíïõí ôç óõó÷Ýôéóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ ìå äéÜöïñá óõíáéóèçìáôéêÜ, óùìáôéêÜ êáé êïéíùíéêÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá. Ïé åðéðôþóåéò óôçí õãåßá ôåêìçñéþíïíôáé êáé áðü Ýñåõíåò ðïõ öÝñïõí ôïõò åðçñåáæüìåíïõò íá êáôáöåýãïõí áêüìá êáé óôç ëÞøç öáñìáêåõôéêÞò áãùãÞò ãéá áíôéìåôþðéóç ôçò êáôÜóôáóçò. Ïé
Traweger et al. (2004)53, Ýäåéîáí, ìå ÝñåõíÜ ôïõò óôçí Éôáëßá, üôé ôï
20% ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí ðïõ õðÞñîáí äÝêôåò ÇÐ, ëÜìâáíáí óõóôçìáôéêÜ öáñìáêåõôéêÞ áãùãÞ. Ôáõôü÷ñïíá, ïé åðéðôþóåéò äåí åðçñåÜæïõí ìüíï ôá èýìáôá ôçò ÇÐ, êáèþò ìåëÝôåò Ý÷ïõí áíáäåßîåé åðéðôþóåéò êáé óôïõò ðáñáôçñçôÝò, ïé ïðïßïé ðáñïõóéÜæïõí Üã÷ïò êáé óõíáéóèçìáôéêÞ åîÜíôëçóç
(Totterdell et al., 2012)54, õéïèåôïýí åðéèåôéêÝò óõìðåñéöïñÝò óôï ðëáßóéï ìéìçôéóìïý Þ óõìðåñéöïñÝò áíôåêäßêçóçò ðñïò ôïõò äñÜóôåò (Reich
& Hershcovis, 2015)55. Ïé óõíÝðåéåò ôçò ÇÐ, êáôÜ óõíÝðåéá, åðåêôåßíïíôáé ðÝñá áðü ôïí ßäéï ôïí óôü÷ï, óôï åõñýôåñï ðåñéâÜëëïí ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý.
6.
Ï ñüëïò
ôçò çãåóßáò
Ç çãåóßá öÝñåôáé íá äéáäñáìáôßæåé óçìáíôéêü ñüëï óôï èÝìá ôçò ÇÐ óôçí åñãáóßá
(Francioli et al., 2018)56. Ïé Liefooghe & MacKenzie Davey (2001)57,
óçìåéþíïõí üôé ç ÇÐ åßíáé æÞôçìá åðéâïëÞò ôçò ôÜîçò êáé ó÷åôßæåôáé ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá ôùí çãåôþí íá ðáñåìâáßíïõí, íá áíôéìåôùðßæïõí ôçí áíôéäåïíôïëïãéêÞ óõìðåñéöïñÜ êáé íá åðéëýïõí äéáðñïóùðéêÝò óõãêñïýóåéò. Ç äçìéïõñãßá åíüò åõíïúêïý åñãáóéáêïý ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò áðü ìÝñïõò ôçò
çãåóßáò, õðïóôçñßæåôáé üôé ìðïñåß
íá
åìðïäßóåé ôç óôï÷ïðïßçóç ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí (Stouten et al., 2010)58,
áíôßèåôá, óôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò ðïõ ç çãåóßá áãíïåß
Þ áðïôõã÷Üíåé íá åíôïðßóåé Þ íá ðáñÝìâåé åãêáßñùò óå ðåñéðôþóåéò ÇÐ, äßäåôáé ôï
ìÞíõìá üôé ìéá ôÝôïéá óõìðåñéöïñÜ ìðïñåß íá åßíáé áðïäåêôÞ. Ç êáôÜóôáóç äõó÷åñáßíåôáé áêüìç ðåñéóóüôåñï, üôáí ç çãåóßá äåí áíôéëáìâÜíåôáé Þ áðïññßðôåé ôçí ðáñåíü÷ëçóç, ùò ìÝñïò ìéá áõóôçñÞò ðïëéôéêÞò ðïõ áêïëïõèåß
(Georgakopoulos et al., 2011)59. Ç Ýñåõíá, êáôáäåéêíýåé üôé ç çãåóßá óõ÷íÜ áãíïåß ôá óçìÜäéá ÇÐ Þ áíôéäñÜ áíáðïôåëåóìáôéêÜ (Salin,
2003)60, åíþ ðáñáôçñïýíôáé, åðßóçò, ðåñéðôþóåéò óôéò ïðïßåò, ðáñÜ ôï ãåãïíüò üôé ç çãåóßá åßíáé ãíþóôçò ðåñéóôáôéêþí ÇÐ, äåí ðáñåìâáßíåé ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá ìçí äéáôáñÜîåé ôéò éóïññïðßåò åíôüò ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý
(Hirigoyen, 2018)61.
Ïé Aquino
& Thau (2009)62, åðéóçìáßíïõí üôé ïé åñãáæüìåíïé ïé ïðïßïé ãßíïíôáé äÝêôåò ÇÐ Ý÷ïõí áñíçôéêÝò áíôéëÞøåéò ãéá ôçí ðïéüôçôá êáé ôçí áðïôåëåóìáôéêüôçôá ôçò çãåóßáò. Ïé åñãáæüìåíïé ôåßíïõí íá åñìçíåýïõí ôçí çãåóßá óôïí ïñãáíéóìü ùò áíôáíÜêëáóç ôùí ðñïèÝóåùí ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý, ãé’ áõôü êáé üôáí ç çãåóßá äåí äåß÷íåé õðïóôÞñéîç ðñïò ôïõò õðáëëÞëïõò ïé ôåëåõôáßïé áíôéëáìâÜíïíôáé ÷áìçëÞ ðñïóôáóßá êáé õðïóôÞñéîç áðü ôïí ïñãáíéóìü üôáí âñåèïýí óôç èÝóç ôïõ èýìáôïò
(Giorgi, 2009)63. Ôï áßóèçìá õðïóôÞñéîçò ðïõ áíôéëáìâÜíïíôáé ïé åñãáæüìåíïé áíáöÝñåôáé ãåíéêüôåñá óôïí âáèìü óôïí ïðïßï ï ïñãáíéóìüò êáé ç çãåóßá åêôéìÜ ôç óõíåéóöïñÜ ôïõò, áíáãíùñßæåé ôçí áîßá ôïõò êáé íïéÜæåôáé ãéá ôçí åõçìåñßá ôïõò
(Parzefall & Salin, 2010)64. Ìéá ôÝôïéá õðïóôÞñéîç öáßíåôáé, êõñßùò, íá áðïõóéÜæåé óôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò åñãáæïìÝíùí ðïõ õðüêåéíôáé óå áñíçôéêÝò óõìðåñéöïñÝò. ÄéÜöïñåò Ýñåõíåò Ý÷ïõí áíáäåßîåé óçìáíôéêÞ óõó÷Ýôéóç ôçò ÇÐ ìå ôçí ïñãáíùóéáêÞ õðïóôÞñéîç
(Gardner et al., 201665; Naseer et al., 201666), êáôÜ ôéò ïðïßåò ïé åñãáæüìåíïé ðïõ åß÷áí äå÷ôåß ðáñåíü÷ëçóç Ýôåéíáí íá ðåñéãñÜöïõí Ýíá åñãáóéáêü ðåñéâÜëëïí åîáéñåôéêÜ áíôáãùíéóôéêü, ìç õðïóôçñéêôéêü êáé ôåôáìÝíï. Óôï ßäéï ðëáßóéï, ïé
Samsudin et al. (2019)67, óçìåéþíïõí üôé ç ÷áìçëÞ ïñãáíùóéáêÞ õðïóôÞñéîç ìðïñåß íá äéáéùíßóåé ôïí åêöïâéóìü óôçí åñãáóßá, åéäéêÜ óå åîáéñåôéêÜ áðáéôçôéêÜ, óõíáéóèçìáôéêÜ êáé åîáíôëçôéêÜ ðåñéâÜëëïíôá. Ç Ýëëåéøç õðïóôÞñéîçò, ãåíéêüôåñá, éóïðåäþíåé ôá Üôïìá, óõíåðÜãåôáé áðïöõãÞ Þ ìåôáôüðéóç åõèõíþí êáé ðáñÝ÷åé ðñüóöïñï Ýäáöïò óôçí ÇÐ.
7. Ôñüðïé áíôéìåôþðéóçò: ç áíÜãêç ãéá åêðáßäåõóç
êáé åðéìüñöùóç
Ç áíôéìåôþðéóç ôçò ÇÐ óôçí åñãáóßá
áðáéôåß ìéá ïëéóôéêÞ ðñïóÝããéóç áðü ìÝñïõò ôùí êñáôþí êáé ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí. ÊÜðïéá êñÜôç Ý÷ïõí åéóÜãåé íïìïèåôéêÝò ñõèìßóåéò
óôç
íïìïëïãßá ôïõò, ïé ïðïßåò èåùñåßôáé üôé óõìâÜëëïõí óôçí ðñïóôáóßá ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí (D'Cruz et al., 201968;
Hanley & O'Rourke, 201669),
ôï ñõèìéóôéêü íïìéêü ðëáßóéï üìùò, áðü ìüíï ôïõ, öáßíåôáé íá ìçí åðáñêåß ãéá ôçí êáôáðïëÝìçóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ, êáèþò äåí åðéëýåé ôï èÝìá ôçò åêðáßäåõóçò ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí óå ôñüðïõò äéá÷åßñéóçò å÷èñéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí óôçí åñãáóßá (Hoel
& Einarsen, 2010)70. Óôç âÜóç áõôÞ, ïé Branch et al. (2013)71, áíáäåéêíýïõí ôçí áíÜãêç ãéá ðñïóÝããéóç ôïõ öáéíïìÝíïõ áðü ìÝñïõò ôùí ïñãáíéóìþí êáé áíáöÝñïíôáé éäéáßôåñá óôçí åöáñìïãÞ ðñïãñáììÜôùí åêðáßäåõóçò, êáôÜñôéóçò êáé åíçìÝñùóçò óå üëåò ôéò åíäéáöåñüìåíåò ïìÜäåò ôùí åñãáæïìÝíùí üðùò åðßóçò êáé ôùí óôåëå÷þí ôçò çãåóßáò. Éäéáßôåñá ôá çãåôéêÜ óôåëÝ÷ç, èá ðñÝðåé íá åêðáéäåýïíôáé óôïí ôñüðï äçìéïõñãßáò êáé õðïóôÞñéîçò éó÷õñþí ðïëéôéêþí êáé äéáäéêáóéþí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïí åíôïðéóìü ôçò ðáñåíü÷ëçóçò, üðùò êáé óôç äéá÷åßñéóÞ ôçò êáôÜ ôñüðï ðïõ íá åóôéÜæåé óôç äéêáéïóýíç êáé íá åëá÷éóôïðïéåß ôç æçìéÜ óå üëá ôá ìÝñç ðïõ åìðëÝêïíôáé óôï æÞôçìá
(Shallcross et al., 2010)72.
Óôï ßäéï ðëáßóéï, ïé Heames et al. (2006)73, åîåôÜæïíôáò óôïé÷åßá ôçò ïñãáíùóéáêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò ðïõ ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôçí ÇÐ, åóôéÜæïõí óôïí ñüëï ôçò çãåóßáò áëëÜ êáé óôá ÷áìçëÜ çèéêÜ ðñüôõðá ðïõ äéÝðïõí ôïí ïñãáíéóìü, õðü ôçí Ýííïéá üôé ôÝôïéåò óõìðåñéöïñÝò ìðïñåß íá èåùñïýíôáé áíáìåíüìåíåò êáé íá ãßíïíôáé áðïäåêôÝò. ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá, áíáöÝñïíôáé óôçí áíåðÜñêåéá ôçò çãåôéêÞò óõìðåñéöïñÜò ðïõ ÷áñáêôçñßæåôáé áðü Ýëëåéøç åêðáßäåõóçò ôùí ðñïúóôáìÝíùí óôïí ôñüðï áíáãíþñéóçò êáé áíôéìåôþðéóçò åêöïâéóôéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí Þ/êáé óôçí ðñïóùðéêÞ ôïõò åìðëïêÞ óå áõôÝò. ÁíáöÝñïíôáé, åðéðñüóèåôá, óå åëëåßøåéò óôïí ó÷åäéáóìü åñãáóßáò ðïõ åðßóçò ó÷åôßæïíôáé ìå ôçí áíåðáñêÞ äéïßêçóç óôï åñãáóéáêü ðåñéâÜëëïí, ðïõ åíäÝ÷åôáé íá äéåõêïëýíåé ôçí åêäÞëùóç ôçò ÇÐ. Áíáäåéêíýåôáé, ùò åê ôïýôïõ, ç óçìáíôéêüôçôá ôçò çãåôéêÞò ðñïóÝããéóçò ðïõ áêïëïõèåßôáé óå êÜèå ðåñßðôùóç, ç ïðïßá öÝñåôáé íá óõìâÜëëåé óôçí åðéêñÜôçóç Þ ü÷é ôùí åí ëüãù óõìðåñéöïñþí.
Ïé ðéï ðÜíù ðñáêôéêÝò, ùóôüóï, èá ðñÝðåé íá åöáñìüæïíôáé ìáêñïóêïðéêÜ
(LutgenSandvik & Tracy, 2012)74. Ïé ïñãáíéóìïß, äçëáäÞ, èá ðñÝðåé íá åóôéÜæïõí óôéò âáóéêÝò áéôßåò ðïõ ðñïêáëïýí ôï öáéíüìåíï, ìÝóá áðü ôçí ýðáñîç äéáöáíþí ðïëéôéêþí êáé äéáäéêáóéþí áíôéìåôþðéóçò, üðùò êáé åêðáéäåõôéêþí ðñïãñáììÜôùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá åíäõíáìþóïõí ðåñáéôÝñù ôéò ìåèüäïõò ðñüëçøçò êáé áðïöåýãïíôáò íá èåùñïýí
Ýíá
ðåñéóôáôéêü ðáñåíü÷ëçóçò ùò ìåìïíùìÝíï. Óôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò ðïõ ïé ðïëéôéêÝò
ðñüëçøçò áðïõóéÜæïõí, ôï âÜñïò ôçò áíôéìåôþðéóçò ôçò ÇÐ óõ÷íÜ åðáößåôáé óôïí
ßäéï
ôïí åðçñåáæüìåíï, êÜôé ðïõ üìùò äåí âïçèÜ óôïí ôåñìáôéóìü ôçò (Tye-Williams & Krone, 2017)75, åöüóïí ç áíáæÞôçóç âïÞèåéáò óõíÞèùò êáôáëÞãåé óå áíåðáñêÞ áíôéìåôþðéóç, åíþ åíäÝ÷åôáé íá êáôáëïãéóèåß êáé åõèýíç óôïõò ðáñáðïíïýìåíïõò ãéá ôï óõìâÜí, êáôÜ ôñüðï ðïõ ïé êáôáããÝëëïíôåò íá áíôéìåôùðßæïíôáé ùò áðåéëÞ ãéá ôïí ïñãáíéóìü. Áõôü, êáô’ åðÝêôáóç, ïäçãåß óå äéÜññçîç ôçò åìðéóôïóýíçò ðñïò ôïí ïñãáíéóìü, ðïõ åßíáé åîáéñåôéêÜ åðéâëáâÞò
(Harrington, et al., 201576; D'Cruz et al., 201477). Ïé Catley
et al. (2017)78, åðéóçìáßíïõí ôç óçìáóßá ôçò áíôéëçðôÞò ïñãáíùóéáêÞò õðïóôÞñéîçò êáé ôçò åìðéóôïóýíçò ìåôáîý ôçò äéïßêçóçò, ôùí ìáñôýñùí êáé ôùí èõìÜôùí. ¼ôáí, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôá ðáñÜðïíá åíüò èýìáôïò ÇÐ ëáìâÜíïíôáé õðüøç êáé åöáñìüæïíôáé áíÜëïãá ìÝôñá, ôüôå ãßíåôáé áíôéëçðôÞ ç õðïóôÞñéîç ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý, êáèþò ç ó÷Ýóç åñãáóßáò/êïéíùíéêïý óõìâïëáßïõ áðïäåéêíýåôáé áìïéâáßá. Áíôßèåôá, ç åìðéóôïóýíç áõôÞ ìðïñåß íá äéáôáñá÷èåß üôáí ðñïêýðôïõí Üäéêïé êáé áíåðáñêåßò ÷åéñéóìïß ðåñéóôáôéêþí ÇÐ
(Harrington et al., 2012)79. Ùò åê ôïýôïõ, ç ýðáñîç ðïëéôéêþí ðñüëçøçò äçìéïõñãåß óôïõò åñãáæïìÝíïõò ôçí áßóèçóç ìåãáëýôåñçò õðïóôÞñéîçò, ôïõò åíèáññýíåé íá åêöñÜóïõí ôá ðáñÜðïíÜ ôïõò Þ íá ðáñÝìâïõí ùò ìÜñôõñåò þóôå íá áðïôñÝðåôáé ç êëéìÜêùóç äéáðñïóùðéêþí óõãêñïýóåùí êáé, ôáõôü÷ñïíá, äçìéïõñãåß âåëôéùìÝíåò áíôéëÞøåéò ïñãáíùóéáêÞò äéêáéïóýíçò. ÐåñáéôÝñù, äéåõêïëýíïõí ôïí ßäéï ôïí ïñãáíéóìü óôï íá åíçìåñþíåé ôïõò åðçñåáæüìåíïõò õðáëëÞëïõò ãéá ôéò ðïëéôéêÝò áõôÝò, êÜôé ðïõ åîõðáêïýåôáé, êáé ðÜëé, ó÷åôéêÞ åêðáßäåõóç ôïõ ðñïóùðéêïý ðïõ êáëåßôáé íá áíôéìåôùðßóåé ðåñéóôáôéêÜ ÇÐ óôçí åñãáóßá (Ritzman, 2016)80.
ÐåñáéôÝñù, ç åöáñìïãÞ ðñáêôéêþí ðñüëçøçò êáé åêðáßäåõóçò åóôéÜæåé óôçí çèéêÞ ðñïóÝããéóç ôïõ æçôÞìáôïò. Ïé Carden & Boyd (2010)81, äéáêñßíïõí ìåôáîý ôçò çèéêÞò ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôï êáèÞêïí êáé ôçò çèéêÞò ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôï áðïôÝëåóìá, ùò äýï èåùñçôéêÝò ðñïóåããßóåéò ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá áêïëïõèåß Ýíáò ïñãáíéóìüò. Ç ðáñáäï÷Þ ôçò çèéêÞò ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôï êáèÞêïí, èåùñåß üôé ï êáèÝíáò Ý÷åé äéêáéþìáôá êáé åßíáé óå èÝóç íá äéáêñßíåé ìåôáîý çèéêÞò êáé áíÞèéêçò óõìðåñéöïñÜò êáé áíáöÝñåôáé óå ôáêôéêÝò ðïõ âáóßæïíôáé óôçí ðñüëçøç ðïõ ðñïóáíáôïëßæïíôáé óôç ìåßùóç ôçò åðéêñÜôçóçò êáôá÷ñçóôéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò. Ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá åêðáßäåõóçò, ðñüëçøçò, ç åöáñìïãÞ êáíüíùí ìçäåíéêÞò áíï÷Þò êáé åðéêïéíùíßáò, áðïôåëïýí ìÝñïò áõôÞò
ôçò
ðñïóÝããéóçò. Ç çèéêÞ ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôï áðïôÝëåóìá, áðü ôçí Üëëç, ðñïóáíáôïëßæåôáé óôïí ìåôñéáóìü ôçò æçìéÜò ðïõ
ðñïêáëåßôáé ìåôÜ ôçí åìöÜíéóç ðåñéóôáôéêþí ÇÐ êáé óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç ç ðñïóï÷Þ åðéêåíôñþíåôáé óôéò óõíÝðåéÝò ôçò.
8.
ÓõìðåñÜóìáôá
ÓõìðåñáóìáôéêÜ, ç ÇÐ åßíáé ìéá äõóëåéôïõñãéêÞ, áíÞèéêç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðïõ åêôõëßóóåôáé óôïí ÷þñï åñãáóßáò óôá ðëáßóéá ôçò áíèñþðéíçò áëëçëåðßäñáóçò, ìå áñíçôéêÝò óõíÝðåéåò óôïõò áðïäÝêôåò ôçò êáé ôïõò ßäéïõò ôïõò ïñãáíéóìïýò. Ç áíá÷áßôéóç ôçò ÇÐ, áðáéôåß ôïí åíåñãü ñüëï áðü ìÝñïõò ôïõ ïñãáíéóìïý êáé êáô’ åðÝêôáóç áðü ìÝñïõò ôçò çãåóßáò ôïõ. Ç çãåóßá öáßíåôáé íá ó÷åôßæåôáé ìå ôçí êëéìÜêùóç ôçò ÇÐ, êáèþò ç áðïõóßá äéá÷åéñéóôéêÞò ðáñÝìâáóçò åðéôñÝðåé, óôçí ïõóßá, ôç óõíÝ÷éóç êáé êëéìÜêùóç ôùí áñíçôéêþí óõìðåñéöïñþí (Naseem
& Ahmed, 202082; Einarsen et al.,
201883). Õðïóôçñßæåôáé, êáôÜ óõíÝðåéá, üôé ç ýðáñîç åíüò ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò áíèåêôéêïý óôçí ðáñåíü÷ëçóç õðü ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôçò çãåóßáò, ìðïñåß íá ëåéôïõñãÞóåé ùò ìç÷áíéóìüò áðïôñïðÞò. Ôá ìÝôñá ãéá ôçí åðßôåõîç ôÝôïéïõ ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò, áöïñïýí óôçí áíÜðôõîç óùóôþí êáé äßêáéùí ôå÷íéêþí äéá÷åßñéóçò, óôçí åíçìÝñùóç, åðéìüñöùóç êáé åõáéóèçôïðïßçóç ôùí äéåõèõíôþí, êÜôé ðïõ åîõðáêïýåôáé ôçí åöáñìïãÞ ðñïãñáììÜôùí åêðáßäåõóçò óôçí áíÜðôõîç ôå÷íéêþí áíáãíþñéóçò êáé äåîéïôÞôùí äéá÷åßñéóçò.
9.
ÁíáöïñÝò
1
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Zapf, D. & Cooper, C.L. (2010). ‘The concept of bullying and harassment at
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Hirigoyen, M.F. (2002). Moral harassment in the workplace. Athens:
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Saunders, P., Huynh, A.,
& Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2007). ‘Defining workplace bullying behavior
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340-354.
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Nielsen, M.B., Glasø, L. & Einarsen, S. (2017).
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meta-analysis’. Personality
and Individual Differences. 104, 195-206.
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Escartin, J., Monzani,
L., Leong, F. & Rodriguez-Carballeira, A. (2017). ‘A reduced form of the
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